Arch Linux 使用记录

4月 15 2019 44 分钟读完 (约 6552 字)

作为一名Linux爱好者，久慕Arch Linux系统发行版的盛名。于是在某一天夜里，将自己的电脑格式化装上了Arch Linux系统，从此一发不可收拾。

This article mainly aims to record the problems that I faced during my hunting journey as well as the solutions that are suitable to solve them. It is not going to just drop down every step that I followed, neither will it explains every concept and mechanism lying in those procedures, commands and scripts. Because the more detailed and thorough explanations can be easily found on ArchWiki and Web. What this article tries to do is to strip down my thoughts and to help to improve my and the readers’ understanding of Arch, of Linux, and hopefully, of Operating Systems. I just hope what I have written here would save my time if I face the similar problems again and help more people to save our precious time.

准备工作

对那些之前安装过其他Linux系统发行版的人来说，准备工作是大同小异的。注意不要用UltraISO烧录。

安装媒介

如果是初次安装，可以选择从arch_wiki下载最近的iso镜像，如果是已经安装过，可以参考系统迁移

如何将镜像烧录进U盘

参考USB Flash Drive描述的，在Linux/macOS系统上首先取消对U盘的挂载占用（注意不是推出），然后使用dd将iso文件录入，在录入之后会提示识别不了U盘，这一点不用担心。Linux系统烧录命令举例：

1	dd bs=4M if=Downloads/archlinux-2019.06.01-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdx status=progress oflag=sync

目标机器

对于Mac玩家，建议是安装双系统，因为系统固件升级只能通过macOS系统。另外音量提前设置好，色彩文件提前保存好。

打开磁盘工具，显示所有设备后能看到容器。容器和容器之间是互斥模式，宗卷和宗卷之间是共享模式

点击分区，为Linux系统单独划分磁盘区域。

新建出的分区如图所示

网络支持

Some campus Wi-Fi need username and password to get Internet access, which is not supported by command-line Live system. For a cellphone, it have only one wireless card, so it cannot functioned as both the Wi-Fi user and the hotspot at the same time. If using a hotspot from cellphone, note that ping command may not be supported. An RJ45 wired connection without password is recommended because this is the easiest one. Remember that network connection is necessary.

In this case, a hotspot generated by your cellphone mobile data is recommended, even though it is a little slow without a proxy.

How can I connect to an encrypted WiFi network by under archiso installing process?

The problem of connecting to network may be reappearing after OS is installed, so it’s better to understand as thorough as possible at the beginning. The connection process can be divided into three parts: first, setup interface; second, authentication from the router; third, get ip address.
Back to simply, set a non-encrypt wireless network and use wifi-menu for connecting. This tool belongs to netctl and will do first and second step for you. wifi-menu also supports WPA encrypted WiFi spot. However, nowadays WPA2 protocal has been widely used so several other tools can be selected to use archwiki-wireless-network-config. Take wpa_supplicant as an example:

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ip link set wlp58s0 up # First step: Set Wlan interface up
wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp58s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "Abc-104" "4001001225888") # Second step: Replace with your wifi name and pass
dhcpcd # Third step: to get a dynamic ip address

Note that you must use root user for manipulation rather than sudo.

安装

The mainly installation process generally consists of these parts: 0. Accessing Internet 1. Partitioning the disk and formating; 2. Install base system on new arch and change root; 3. Adding boot config; 4. Windows manager and display manager 5. Reboot into new arch 6. System settings

1. 磁盘分区与格式化

fdisk -l
gdisk -l /dev/sda
gdisk /dev/sda # EFI(skip for dual system boot), swap(recommended)
mkswap -L "Linux Swap" /dev/sda3
swapon /dev/sda3
free -m # Verify if swap is turned on
mkfs.ext4 -L "Arch Linux" /dev/sda2
mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/nvme0n1p1

2. Installing base system for new arch

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mount /dev/[partition where you install root hierachy /] /mnt # First mount it under /mnt
(Optional) vim /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist # Server=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch
pacstrap /mnt base # Other groups can also be installed here, eg: base-devel your-favorite-desktop

Don’t worry if one or some packages were lost during the installation process. If that could happen, just reboot go back to live system and install and chroot to newly-installed system.

3. Adding boot config

预备知识 —— Linux操作系统的启动过程：

mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot/efi # Mount your EFI partition
genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab # Check by cat, this file should contain all partitions of your new system
arch-chroot /mnt
passwd root
ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
mkinitcpio -p linux
sudo pacman -Syu grub efibootmgr
(Optional) mkdir /boot/grub # 无则创建
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
grub-install /dev/sda # grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi --bootloader-id=grub
ls -l /boot/efi/EFI/arch # Checking

查看所有可用启动项：

1	efibootmgr -v

启动项的修复：

1	efibootmgr --create --disk /dev/nvme0n1 --loader /boot/efi/EFI/grub/grubx64.efi --label "grub 2" --verbose -e 3

如果重启后仍然没有被检测到，则需要进入UEFI Shell手动添加

4. Desktop and display manager

bofore

Before choosing our willing destop, create a normal user for using graphical interfaces.

pacman -S vim xterm zsh sudo fakeroot # fakeroot is for aur makepkg
pacman -S dialog wpa_supplicant # wireless network support
useradd -G wheel -s /bin/zsh -m -c "WANG Shengdian" wsd
passwd wsd # ******

For window desktops, you can choose GNOME, KDE, or others.
You can use display managers(gdm for gnome and lightdm usually for kde) or not.
Here I give two suggestive configurations without display manager(Gnome and i3). For KDE users, goes here.

Before desktop settings, install startx:

1	pacman -S xorg-xinit

startx uses .xinitc and .zprofile(or .bash_profile)

4.1. GNOME wayland

1 2	pacman -S gnome-desktop gnome-control-center gnome-shell gnome-tweaks # or put simply, pacstrap /mnt gnome pacman -S xorg-server-xwayland

For startx wayland, add to .zshrc(because I set zsh as default shell):

if [[ -z $DISPLAY && $(tty) == /dev/tty1 && $XDG_SESSION_TYPE == tty ]]; then
    MOZ_ENABLE_WAYLAND=1 QT_QPA_PLATFORM=wayland XDG_SESSION_TYPE=wayland exec dbus-run-session gnome-session
fi

If you choose gdm display manager(which some software like teamviewer requires):

pacman -Syu gdm
systemctl enable gdm

For a more detailed configuration and more deeply exploring about Gnome, go to this article

4.2. i3 startx

pacman -S xorg i3-wm i3status dmenu # install i3dm
pacman -S xorg-xinit # install startx

Add to ~/.zshrc:

if systemctl -q is-active graphical.target &&
[[ ! $DISPLAY && $XDG_VTNR -eq 1 ]]; then
    exec startx
fi

Add ~/.xinitrc

[ -f /etc/xprofile ] && . /etc/xprofile
[ -f ~/.xprofile ] && . ~/.xprofile
...
exec i3

after

unified wireless network config
wpa_supplicant.conf

1 2	ctrl_interface=/run/wpa_supplicant update_config=1

1 2	systemctl enable wpa_supplicant@wlp58s0.service systemctl enable dhcpcd

5. Reboot into new arch

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exit # exit chroot
umount -R /mnt
reboot

Then change boot option at start up.

6. System settings and loacalization

Edit host name: /etc/hostname
Edit known hosts: /etc/hosts
Locale: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Locale
Fonts: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Manual_installation

添加archlinuxcn仓库

cat into ‘/etc/pacman.conf’ with

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/etc/pacman.conf
[archlinuxcn]
Server = https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinuxcn/$arch

不过这一行我一般是注释掉的，需要用的时候再打开。原因在这里

Then in terminal:

1	sudo pacman -Syy && sudo pacman -S archlinuxcn-keyring

Note that Manjaro doesn’t have archlinuxcn support yet.

Q & A

Why I cannot find the disk file system when using `fdisk -l`

Analyse: I face this problem because I am using Dell XPS-13 with SDD. I should go into BIOS setup and change the integrated SATA hard drive controller from ‘RAID ON’ to ‘AHCI’. After that, reboot windows using diagonotics.

Add boot option for single-disk install

For my Dell-XPS13, type F12 to enter BIOS, then find ‘boot sequence’ menu and add a boot option from \EFI\arch\grubx64.efi

Restore the flash USB after installing process

Extra settings for dual system?

grub to replace windows EFI starter

how can I get write access to Windows NTFS filesystem?

Install the open source version of NTFS, i.e., ntfs-3g.
The proper way is to create a /mnt/win10 folder that is owned by your current user.
And then write the configuration in /etc/fstab like
UUID=FED8CDDDD8CD93F5 mnt/win10 ntfs-3g defaults 0 0
UUID can be found by blkid of root.

Q: why the times are incompatible?

Because windows just take the machine time as the time of current timezone. But Linux defaultly take it as UTC+0, and change to current timezone.

Solution:
Considering that modifying Windows settings is more complex, we change Linux settings by take machine time as the time of current timezone.

If I don’t use Windows OS for a while, it will go into Hibernate Mode. And when I open again, boot defaultly enter Arch Linux. Then I cannot edit files under Windows filesystem because they are in read-only state. How can I prevent this situation?

In Sleep Mode, the system won’t restart. So you need to change the power settings in control panel. Just go to advanced setting > Hibernate after this time > Never.
I think that will be fine.

更好地使用

Wireless network

Q&A: I suddenly has no internet access even IP address shows. I cannot ping gateway, why?

If you are using wps_supplicant, typing:

1	sudo systemctl restart wpa_supplicant@wlp58s0.service

may solve it instantly.

A sample configuration file /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant-wlp58s0.conf

# Giving configuration update rights to wpa_cli
country=CN
ctrl_interface=/run/wpa_supplicant
ctrl_interface_group=wheel
update_config=1

network={
    ssid = "name-WiFi"
    psk = somethingafterhash
}

If you are using netctl, typing:

1 2	sudo netctl stop wlp58s0-USTB_Wi-Fi sudo wifi-menu

The power saving strategy of iw may cause regularly wireless network down. To prevent this, set it off:

Q&A: Change from wpa_supplicant to netctl and vice versa?

example of changing from wpa_supplicant to netctl:

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sudo systemctl stop wpa_supplicant@wlp58s0
sudo ip link set wlp58s0 down
ip a # Check if there is a ip addr residual

If there exists an ip addr not delete, use

1	sudo ip addr del [IP address] dev [WIFI dev]

1	sudo netctl start [your wifi profile] # Or sudo wifi-menu for the first time

example of changing from netctl to wpa_supplicant:

1 2	sudo systemctl stop netctl@USTB_Wi-Fi sudo systemctl start wpa_supplicant@wlp58s0

AUR

Before building an AUR package, ensure that base-devel is installed

1	sudo pacman -S --needed base-devel

AUR through proxy

export all_proxy='http://127.0.0.1:1080' under user’s shell by editing ‘~/.zshrc’.
under root user, visudo /etc/sudoers, Defaults env_keep += "all_proxy ftp_proxy http_proxy https_proxy no_proxy" to keep envs when sudo

关于包管理多说一嘴

aur 安装后的包可以通过pacman来卸载，但无法像Repository中的包一样直接通过pacman来更新。
所以有些包不适合用aur来安装，有些包适合。
比如，更新一次就要下载很大安装包的IDEA，就比较适合用aur来管理，想更新就更新。再大一点的就可以脱离aur，直接去官网下载安装，如MATLAB。
而一些python下的工具或node.js安装的工具，可以用自带的pip或者npm来管理，用aur反而不够灵活，且多余。

Desktop: i3-wm

common commands

i3 supports three window layouts: stacking mode, tabbed mode, and standard mode.
$mod+s: stacking mode
$mod+w: tabbed mode
$mod+e: standard mode

To prevent sleeping

/etc/systemd/logind.conf

1	HandleLidSwitch ignore

append to ‘~/.xprofile’

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xrandr --output eDP-1 --off # close laptop primary screen
xset s off -dpms
xset s noblank

Brightness of screen

for intel graphical driver, go into

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# cd /sys/class/backlight/intel_backlight
# cat max_brightness
# echo 3000 > brightness

Check if it is ok. Then we will combine keys to modify it. Install

1	sudo pacman -S xf86-video-intel

Before binding the kay, check the name of keys by xmodmap -pke, the edit:

1 2	bindsym XF86MonBrightnessUp exec xbacklight -inc 10 # increase screen brightness bindsym XF86MonBrightnessDown exec xbacklight -dec 10 # decrease screen brightness

Sound card

1	sudo pacman -Syu pulseaudio pulseaudio-alsa

Bluetooth sounder

sudo pacman -Syu bluez bluez-utils pulseaudio-bluetooth
sudo usermod -a -G lp wsd
pulseaudio -k   # ensure close
pulseaudio --start
sudo pacman -Syu pavucontrol    # gui for redirecting
lsmod | grep btusb  # check if the module loads
sudo systemctl start bluetooth.service

Then open the bluetooth control

bluetoothctl
[bluetooth]# power on
[bluetooth]# scan on
[bluetooth]# pair EC:49:BC:00:90:DE 
[bluetooth]# paired-devices
Device EC:49:BC:00:90:DE SANSUI A38S
[bluetooth]# connect EC:49:BC:00:90:DE

Touchpad tap-to-click

1	sudo touch /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/90-touchpad.conf

Add these lines

# 90-touchpad.conf
Section "InputClass"
        Identifier "touchpad"
        MatchIsTouchpad "on"
        Driver "libinput"
        Option "Tapping" "on"
        Option "TappingButtonMap" "lrm"
        Option "NaturalScrolling" "on"
        Option "ScrollMethod" "twofinger"
EndSection

Note that TappingButtonMap lrm means one-finger tap for left click, two-finger tap for right click and three-finger tap for middle click.

Wallpaper setting

Edit ‘~/.config/i3/config’

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...
exec --no-startup-id feh --bg-scale /path/to/image.file
...

System Maintainance

HDD trim

1	sudo fstrim -a -v

Limit systemd journal

/etc/systemd/journald.conf

1 2	SystemMaxUse=500M MaxFileSec=1month

Take effects immediately.

web browser profile-cleaner

1	profile-cleaner

International language support

set locale: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Localization

Change charset

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pacman -S enca
enca -L zh_CN file # check the encoding of file
enca -L zh_CN -x UTF-8 < file > newfile # convert the encoding of file

However, this tool is not steady all the time. So a text editor or an editor plugin is suggestted.

Compatibility to Win OS

Run win10 in qemu/virt-manager, refer to https://billystudio.github.io/2019/09/17/Sept-17th-Create-vms-on-Linux-the-hard-way/

Install missing fonts on Linux host

I save win10 fonts into the hard drive disk.
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Fonts#Manual_installation
Some common missing fonts: Consolas, Calibri, Microsoft Yahei

Printer service

How can I print through the network HP printer?

Install the Linux print service
pacman -S cups
In this step, you should check if this service is started after installation. You can type localhost:631 to check. If cannot be opened, start the service by
sudo systemctl start cups.socket or sudo systemctl start cups.service

If there is still some problem, try add your current user to lp group

1	sudo gpasswd -a [username] lp

Check your group by groups [username]

Install the HP Linux imaging and printing driver
pacman -S hplip
Find the IP address of network printer, and run
sudo hp-setup -i [ip addr]

If it needs some authentification, enter username as root and provide root pass.

If the plugin is not successfully donwloaded by hp-setup program, then follow these steps:
Step 1: Go to https://www.openprinting.org/download/printdriver/auxfiles/HP/plugins.
Step 2: Download the plugin files (both ‘run’ and ‘run.asc’) for the hplip version that you are using. Then give them execute previlege by chmod +x.
Step 3: Re-run hp-setup -i. Choose to specify a path to the plugin and use the path to the ‘run’ file that you downloaded in step 2. It may give you some errors about gpg key checking, but install it anyway.
Step 4: In the final step, a test page should be printed.

Now you should have a working printer.
Refer 1: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/CUPS
Refer 2: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/CUPS/Printer-specific_problems#HPLIP

remove printer :

1	sudo hp-setup -i -r

terminal console

z plugin for directory jump

https://github.com/rupa/z

grant sudo previlige to common user

Install sudo

1 2	cp /etc/sudoers /etc/sudoers.edit visudo /etc/sudoers.edit

The file should be opened by default text editor. Mine is vim. Then uncomment the specification for wheel group because my user is already in wheel group.

1 2	visudo -c -f /etc/sudoers.edit # check mv /etc/sudoers.edit /etc/sudoers

Xterm full screen

use ALT+ENTER.

Xterm middle key on touchpad

Ctrl + Click = middle key

Q: change the fonts of xterm

create a file ~/.Xresources, write the wildcard-form settings in it:

xterm*faceName:Consolas:antialias=True
xterm*faceNameDoublesize:Microsoft YaHei:antialias=True
xterm*faceSize: 12
xterm*renderFont: true
xterm*utf8: 2
xterm*utf8Title: true
xterm*titleModes: 2
xterm*selectToClipboard: true

Default color schemes:

xterm*fullscreen: true
xterm*background: White
xterm*foreground: Black
xterm*color0:    Black 
xterm*color1:    Red 
xterm*color2:    Green 
xterm*color3:    Yellow 
xterm*color4:    CornflowerBlue 
xterm*color5:    Magenta 
xterm*color6:    Cyan 
xterm*color7:    White
xterm*colorBDMode:  false
xterm*colorULMode:  false 
xterm*cursorColor:  Red

background 太亮，换成淡粉灰色#FFFAF0（去白光蓝光），或者护眼色#C7EDCC
color3 的yellow太亮（用在warning和字符串高亮匹配），背景中体现不出，改为深一些的黄#DAAA01
BDMode 是否关闭变色替换加粗，这里关闭以使用加粗模式
colorUL 超链接变色模式。用于Ctrl+R匹配命令。若关闭，则使用下划线显示匹配。也应该与背景和前景区分开，使用灰白：#7A8181
cusorColor改为深红

xterm*background: #FFF5EE
xterm*foreground: Black
xterm*color0: Black 
xterm*color1: Red
xterm*color2: Green
xterm*color3: #DAAA01 
xterm*color4: CornflowerBlue
xterm*color5: Magenta
xterm*color6: Cyan
xterm*color7: White
xterm*colorBDMode: false 
xterm*colorUL: #7A8181 
xterm*colorULMode: true 
xterm*cursorColor: #D3423E

Then add [[ -f ~/.Xresources ]] && xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources to the file .xprofile. For the X-org based GNOME environment, it is ok now. But for the default GNOME 3 wayland based desktop environment, since it didn’t initialize and X11 configurations, we should use other ways for autostarting. Here I suggest to rename .xprofile as .autostart_scripts.

I found a way equivelent to audo starting every time logging in that is using xdg autostart files. After installing xdg-user-dirs I write a .desktop file under ‘~/.config/autostart/‘.

[Desktop Entry]
Type=Application
Name=XTerm settings under wayland
NoDisplay=true
Exec=/home/shane/.autostart_scripts

Note that the Exec item should be a fullpath filename and the relevant files including ~/.autostart_scripts are granted as user excutable permision(+x).

Xterm prevent Alt+B becoming strange symbol

1	xterm*metaSendsEscape: true

How can I copy and paste from xterm?

Understanding the concept of ‘PRIMARY’ and ‘CLIPBOARD’, the middle mouse key is served for PRIMARY buffer. If I want to select also for CLIPBOARD, just Ctrl+Mouse Middle Key, and then check ‘selection to clipboard’.

toClipboard

Just highlighting by draging(inside one screen) or right mouse key(long screen) will select them for copy, Shift+Insert or using the mouse middle key for paste.

Add a keyboard shortcut for xterm

Set in GNOME settings > Keyboard shortcut > Add shortcut > run uxterm by pressing ‘Alt + T’

Those common-used software?

v2ray

1 2	v2ray -test -config=/etc/v2ray/config.json sudo v2ray --config=/etc/v2ray/config.json

浏览器

一般的选择是Chrome系浏览器，Firefox也行。但是由于浏览器安装包体积较大，每次更新会比较频繁(100M左右下载就要1分多钟)，所以推荐安装archlinux仓库下的google-chrome-stable或firefox-esr。

text editor

I use vim-gnome and visual-studio-code-bin.

sudo cp /usr/share/applications/visual-studio-code.desktop ~/.local/share/applications
cd ~/.local/share/applications
sudo chown wsd:wsd visual-studio-code.desktop
vim visual-studio-code.desktop

Add proxy --proxy-server="http://127.0.0.1:1080" to Exec.

Sometimes I open several VSCode windows and I want them to look different. In this case, set “window.titleBarStyle” = “custom” to make sure the menu merges title bar. And then install “window colors” extension.

pdf viewer

Evince and WPS PDF

Video player

VLC video viewer

System monitor

gnome-system-monitor

Chinese input method

搜狗拼音缺点：占内存、易崩溃、状态栏无法在不输入时隐藏
百度拼音缺点：状态栏无法在不输入时隐藏
fcitx自带拼音缺点：词库不够强大

1	ibus ibus-libpinyin

to get a quicker access to Chinese input method.

目前使用的方案为fcitx自带双拼。
通过输入分号；可以唤起快速输入，用户配置文件在 $HOME/.config/fcitx/data/QuickPhrase.mb

禁用全角快捷键：Global Config 选项》 Show Advance Options 》 Swithing Full Width Character Mode
将两者快捷键都设置为 Empty 即可（按 Esc 键可以清空快捷键设置）

以下是之前倒腾搜狗输入法的记录(Deprecated):
Sogou Pinyin is currently the best Chinese Method solution but it is not easy to install it correctly on Arch Linux. Though I give methods here, more efforts should be made when practicing because it changes as time goes.

The installation scripts for sogoupinyin which is based on qt4 are:

sudo pacman -Rns fcitx-im fcitx-configtool
rm -rf .config/fcitx
rm -rf .sogouinput
rm -rf .config/Sogou*
sudo pacman -Syu fcitx-lilydjwg-git fcitx-sogoupinyin
# For KDE user: sudo pacman -S kcm-fcitx 
# For GNOME user: pacman -S fcitx-configtool fcitx-qt5

If anything happened during inputing, don’t panic, use Ctrl + 5 to reload Input method.

The releases for newly sogouimebs based on qt5 are here: https://gitee.com/laomocode/fcitx-sogouimebs/releases

Teamviewer

aur teamviewer on xorg
If showing the message Not ready. Please check your connection, then the service should be enabled

1	systemctl start teamviewerd.service

Note that teamviewer(current version is Teamviewer 14) need lightdm or gdm supports, so startx ways doesn’t work.

WPS Office

Add archlinuxcn repository, then

1	sudo pacman -Syu ttf-wps-fonts wps-office wps-office-mime wps-office-mui-zh-cn

Sometimes, wps office may not config input method properly. There are two ways to solve it:

For Zsh users Because wps binary files run /bin/bash, so you need to edit ~/.bash_profile and add:

export XMODIFIERS="@im=fcitx"
export GTK_IM_MODULE="fcitx"
export QT_IM_MODULE="fcitx"

For Bash users Normally for bash users, wps office can set input method well. But if that is not the case, you need to add some parameters for the executable file. Here I use fcitx on gnome. So I should replace add two lines to, for example, sudo vim /usr/bin/et:

1 2	export XMODIFIERS="@im=fcitx" export GTK_IM_MODULE="fcitx"

It is just a temporary solution because every time wps-office-et is upgraded, /usr/bin/et will be rewritten to a default config. So it is suggest to enable a user-specific application by

sudo cp /usr/share/applications/wps-office-et.desktop ~/.local/share/applications
cd ~/.local/share/applications
sudo chown wsd:wsd wps-office-et.desktop
vim wps-office-et.desktop

wps-office-et.desktop

1	Exec=$HOME/.local/bin/et %f

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sudo cp /usr/bin/et ~/.local/bin/
cd ~/.local/bin
vim et

and add the two exports above.

Remote Windows desktop

As Windows desktop client

1	pacman -S xfreerdp

Toggle Full screen: Ctrl + Alt + Enter

Link to lab server:

1	xfreerdp /size:1920x1080 /network:LAN /u:wangshengdian /v:202.204.62.142

Or xfreerdp -g 1920x1080 -x 0x80 -u wangshengdian 202.204.62.142

As Server
realvnc-vnc-server

Screenshot

Under GNOME:
gnome-screenshot is good for use.

Under KDE:
spectacle

Command Line tool:
escrotum

Zip file generator and extractor

1	sudo pacman -Syu 7zip

For rar files:

1	7z x filename.rar

For Windows zip file with GBK encoding, use python code in the following

#!/usr/bin/env python2
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import os
import sys
import zipfile

print "Processing File " + sys.argv[1] 

file=zipfile.ZipFile(sys.argv[1],"r");
for name in file.namelist():
    utf8name=name.decode('gbk')
    print "Extracting " + utf8name
    pathname = os.path.dirname(utf8name)
    if not os.path.exists(pathname) and pathname!= "":
        os.makedirs(pathname)
    data = file.read(name)
    if not os.path.exists(utf8name):
        fo = open(utf8name, "w")
        fo.write(data)
        fo.close
file.close()

Dictionary

Go to website http://download.huzheng.org/bigdict/ to download your demanding dictionary and enter root:

1 2	tar -xjvf a.tar.bz2 mv a /usr/share/stardict/dic

Then we install another pretty good front-end software called goldendict

1	sudo pacman -Syu goldendict

If you are using Wayland rather than X11, goldendict might not go well. Use QT_QPA_PLATFORM=xcb to force X11 use.

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sudo cp /usr/share/applications/goldendict.desktop ~/.local/share/applications
cd ~/.local/share/applications
sudo chown youruser:youruser goldendict.desktop

将 Exec= 行修改为 Exec=env QT_QPA_PLATFORM=xcb goldendict，这里的 env 指令相当于Shell编程中的export命令。
（参考 “goldendict” terminated by signal SIGSEGV (Address boundary error) and segfaults
和 Arch Wiki Desktop entries）

Generally, the dictionary will detected by it, if not, Edit -> Dictionaries -> Files, then add /usr/share/stardict/dic.

My experience after using digital dictionaries under WinOS basically includes some points of view. First, it’s of little difference if I am searching words with a web browser. Then I would like to tell some feelings of some WinOS dictionary software. Sure there are plenty of them under WinOS, but most of them carries some unwanted ads. Sometimes I just want the English meanings but they offer me Chinese meaning primarily and defaultly. Excluding those have the former two disadvantages, only Lingoes and OALED are left for choices. But a little unfortunately, Lingoes is huge-size and OALED3 is too old for Win10(its pixel rendering is bad). Under Linux, I can install a clean and small interface and just install the dictionary that I want(Here I mean Merriam-Webster). It’s a very pure experience.

Baidu Netdisk Downloader

aria2 backend, Camtd chrome extension and TamperMonkey are prepared.
Then install 网盘直链下载助手 userscript in TamperMonkey

Then login pan.baidu.com by your own account, click “下载助手”>”RPC下载”>”发送到aria2” to download.
BaiduHelper

Wallpaper Changer

GNOME3: How can I automatically change the wallpaers which are selected from a folder?
It is not a big problem because the gnome community has offered a large amount of extensions. What you need to do is to find and then use them. Here, the GNOME extension Wallpaper Changer is suggested for you.

Backup: rsync + fcron

install fcron and rsnyc

For example, a user works on server filesystem, and backs up to its local system daily.

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cd /etc/cron.daily
sudo touch backup
sudo chmod +x backup

In backup, write

1 2	#!/bin/bash rsync -a --delete --quiet working-on-the-remote-file backup-to-local

1 2	sudo systemctl start fcron.service sudo systemctl enable fcron.service

北邮人 / 爱北科

sudo pacman -S transmission-cli

http://localhost:9091

Ref: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Transmission

When using from other computers meeting error 403: Forbidden Unauthorized IP Address.,
add your ip to rpc-whitelist in ~/.config/transmission-daemon/settings.json, then restart

1 2	transmission-remote --exit # or pkill -3 transmission-daemon transmission-daemon

Games

街机游戏 fceux, 打开 nes 或者 zip 的 ROM 文件
按键设置：

屏幕大小设置：

一些理解

pacman

回到这个最常用的命令：sudo pacman -Syu。参数有3个，其中S代表安装（inStall），y代表拉取远程仓库，u代表更新（Upgrading）。
如果是两个y代表强制拉取远程仓库（忽略本地缓存），如果是两个u则代表强制重装所有包

To see what packages belong to the gnome group, run:

1	pacman -Sg gnome

To install a package completely, use

1	pacman -Rns [package_name]

where -R means remove the package, -n means not saving important configuration files, and -s means removing its dependencies which are note required by any other installed packages.

Within the firewall, the speed is limited by v4. So I suggest v6. The differences are really distinguishable.

get a v6 address
get a v6 vps
# export all_proxy='socks5://127.0.0.1:1080'
# pacman -Syu

To retrieve a list of the files installed by a package, run:

1	pacman -Ql package_name

To query which package a file/directory in the file system belongs to:

1	pacman -Qo /usr/bin/ctags

To clear the cache of all uninstalled packages in /var/cache/pacman/pkg/

1	pacman -Sc

Q&A

pacman -Syu facing:

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==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: wd719x
==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: aic94xx
==> WARNING: Possibly missing firmware for module: xhci_pci

every time. To replay these warnings, you can also type:

1	mkinitcpio -p linux

Reason: you miss these firmwares:
aic94xx-firmware: Adaptec SAS 44300, 48300, 58300 Sequencer Firmware for AIC94xx driver
wd719x-firmware: Driver for Western Digital WD7193, WD7197 and WD7296 SCSI cards
xhci_pci: rensas controller like uPD720201 and uPD720202
You need to install these modules by makepkg -sri:

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git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/aic94xx-firmware.git
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/wd719x-firmware.git
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/upd72020x-fw.git

installing eclipse from aur

git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/eclipse.git
cd eclipse
makepkg -s # you can download the install packages in advance using aria2c
sudo pacman -U eclipse-common-4.15-6-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz
sudo pacman -U eclipse-java-4.15-6-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz # or jee, javascript, cpp, rust, php

Trouble shooting

1. Unable to lock database:

:: Synchronizing package databases…
error: failed to update core (unable to lock database)
error: failed to update extra (unable to lock database)
…
error: failed to synchronize all databases

It might because another process is running pacman. Just take a coffee and wait for it ^_-

[root@inspiron-7537 shane]# pacman -Syu                                   
:: Synchronizing package databases...                       
error: failed to update core (unable to lock database)                                                                       
error: failed to update extra (unable to lock database)                                                                        
error: failed to update community (unable to lock database)                                                                    
error: failed to update multilib (unable to lock database)                                                                     
error: failed to update archlinuxcn (unable to lock database)                                                                  
error: failed to update blackarch (unable to lock database)                                                                    
error: failed to synchronize all databases

Solve:

1	rm /var/lib/pacman/db.lck

2. file confliction:

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sudo pacman -Syu
error: failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)
python-numpy: /usr/bin/f2py exists in filesystem

This happens because I use pip install numpy but some packages in my repository takes python-numpy as dependencies. This is a trivial problem, just remove by sudo pip3 uninstall numpy.

3. could not satisfy dependencies (Dec 22nd 2019):
When running sudo pacman --noconfirm -Syu, I received an error:

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error: failed to prepare transaction (could not satisfy dependencies)
:: installing xorgproto (2019.2-2) breaks dependency 'dmxproto' required by libdmx
:: installing xorgproto (2019.2-2) breaks dependency 'xf86dgaproto' required by libxxf86dga

This happens because libdmx requires dmxproto but updating will break this requirement chain, so that libdmx loses dependency.
To repair the bug, the easy way is manually removing libdmx and libxxf86dga, then upgrade.
But libdmx and libxxf86dga may be dependent under other upper level packages.
So we should use pacman -Rdd libdmx libxxf86dga && pacman -Syu.

4. GPGME error: No data

error: GPGME error: No data
error: GPGME error: No data
error: GPGME error: No data
error: GPGME error: No data
:: Synchronizing package databases...
 core                  137.8 KiB   485 KiB/s 00:00 [######################] 100%
 extra                1567.2 KiB   666 KiB/s 00:02 [######################] 100%
 community               5.8 MiB   635 KiB/s 00:09 [######################] 100%
 multilib              150.3 KiB   626 KiB/s 00:00 [######################] 100%
 archlinuxcn is up to date
error: GPGME error: No data
error: GPGME error: No data
error: GPGME error: No data
error: GPGME error: No data
error: failed to synchronize all databases (unexpected error)

Try to empty the synchronized folder and full-update:

1 2	sudo rm -R /var/lib/pacman/sync sudo pacman -Syyu

5. error: signature from “xxx@archlinux.org“ is unknown/marginal trust

1 2	error: failed to commit transation (invalid or corrupted package) Errors occured, no packages were upgraded.

you should run

sudo pacman -Sy archlinux-keyring
sudo pacman-key --populate archlinux
sudo pacman-key --refresh-keys
sudo pacman -Syu

Sometimes my wifi is off. when I ping my local router, the destination is unreachable.
Later I find the power_saving function of iw causes that. So I edit /etc/udev/rules.d/81-wifi-powersave.rules:

1	ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="net", KERNEL=="wl*", RUN+="/usr/bin/iwconfig wlp58s0 power off"

Reboot and found iwconfig off the power management.

6. 降级包
遇到一次Plasma5升级6之后各种桌面bug的情况，需要降级依赖包到plasma5，参考：https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Arch_Linux_Archive#How_to_restore_all_packages_to_a_specific_date
中间历经了几次波折，执行pacman -Syyuu报错，需要手动先删除plasma和通过通过pacman -Rdd的方式手动删除一些kde相关依赖包后，再执行pacman -Syyuu，成功后再装回来。有了这次痛苦经历，以后不太敢无脑升级了。推荐使用archive方式升级，虽然不能一直保持最新版本，但胜在比较稳定。
因为archlinuxcn没有archive，所以注释掉了archlinuxcn仓库，需要安装/升级的时候再放开。

参考文档

This video is also recommended: https://www.bilibili.com/video/av5462824/?redirectFrom=h5

“goldendict” terminated by signal SIGSEGV (Address boundary error) and segfaults: https://github.com/goldendict/goldendict/issues/935

Arch Wiki Desktop Entries: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Desktop_entries#Modify_environment_variables

#Linux #OS #Arch Linux